Iitekhnoloji ezininzi eziphucukileyo zitshintsha ubomi bethu yonke imihla. Ukufika nokukhula kweIsithuthi soMbane (EV)ngumzekelo omkhulu wokuba olo tshintsho lunokuthi luthethe kangakanani kubomi bethu beshishini - nakubomi bethu bobuqu.
Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye noxinzelelo lolawulo lokusingqongileyo kwi-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi (ICE) izithuthi ziqhuba umdla owandisiweyo kwimarike ye-EV. Uninzi lwabavelisi beemoto ezisekiweyo bazisa iimodeli ezintsha ze-EV, ecaleni kokuqalisa okutsha abangena kwintengiso. Ngokukhethwa kwezinto kunye neemodeli ezikhoyo namhlanje, kunye nezinye ezininzi ezizayo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba sonke siqhube ii-EVs kwixesha elizayo sisondele kwinyani kunangaphambili.
Itekhnoloji enika amandla ii-EVs zanamhlanje ifuna utshintsho oluninzi kwindlela ezenziwe ngayo iimoto zemveli. Inkqubo yokwakha ii-EVs ifuna phantse ingqalelo yoyilo njengobuhle besithuthi ngokwaso. Oko kubandakanya umgca omileyo weerobhothi ezenzelwe ngokukodwa izicelo ze-EV - kunye nemigca yokuvelisa eguquguqukayo kunye neerobhothi ezihambayo ezinokushukunyiswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomgca njengoko zifunekayo.
Kolu shicilelo siza kuphonononga ukuba loluphi utshintsho olufunekayo ukuyila nokuvelisa ii-EVs namhlanje. Siza kuthetha malunga nokuba iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa zihluke njani kwezo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izithuthi ezisebenza ngegesi.
Uyilo, amacandelo kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa
Nangona uphuhliso lwe-EV lwalandelwa ngamandla ngabaphandi kunye nabavelisi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, inzala yamiswa ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi, iimoto eziveliswa ngobuninzi bepetroli. Uphando lwehla ukususela ngo-1920 de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1960 xa imiba yokusingqongileyo yongcoliseko kunye noloyiko lokuphelisa ubuncwane bendalo yabangela imfuneko yendlela yothutho yobuqu ehambelana nemekobume ngakumbi.
Ukutshaja kwe-EVuyilo
Ii-EV zanamhlanje zihluke kakhulu kwi-ICE (injini yokutsha yangaphakathi) izithuthi ezisebenza ngepetroli. Uhlobo olutsha lwee-EVs luye lwazuza kuluhlu lwemizamo engaphumelelanga yokuyila nokwakha izithuthi zombane usebenzisa iindlela zemveli zokuvelisa ezisetyenziswa ngabavelisi amashumi eminyaka.
Kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi kwindlela ii-EVs zenziwa ngayo xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi ze-ICE. Ugqaliselo lwalusetyenziselwa ukukhusela injini, kodwa oku kugxilwe ngoku kutshintshele ekukhuseleni iibhetri ekwenzeni i-EV. Abaqulunqi beemoto kunye neenjineli baphinda bacinge ngokutsha ukuyila kwee-EVs, kunye nokudala imveliso entsha kunye neendlela zokuhlanganisana ukuzakha. Ngoku baqulunqa i-EV ukusuka emhlabeni kunye nokuqwalasela okunzima kwi-aerodynamics, ubunzima kunye nezinye iimpumelelo zamandla.
An ibhetri yemoto yombane (EVB)luphawu olusemgangathweni lweebhetri ezisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla iimotor zombane zazo zonke iintlobo zee-EVs. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ziibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziphinda zitshajwe ezenzelwe ngokukodwa umthamo we-ampere-yure (okanye kilowathour). Iibhetri ezihlawulelwayo zeteknoloji ye-lithiumion zizindlu zeplastiki eziqulethe i-anodes yensimbi kunye ne-cathodes. Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zisebenzisa i-polymer electrolyte endaweni ye-electrolyte engamanzi. I-conductivity ephezulu ye-semisolid (gel) iipolima zenza le electrolyte.
I-Lithium-ionIibhetri ze-EVziibhetri zomjikelo onzulu ezenzelwe ukunika amandla kwixesha elizinzileyo. Incinci kwaye ilula, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zinqweneleka kuba zinciphisa ubunzima besithuthi kwaye ngoko ziphucula ukusebenza kwayo.
Ezi bhetri zibonelela ngamandla athile aphezulu kunezinye iintlobo zebhetri ye-lithium. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho ubunzima buyinto ebalulekileyo, njengezixhobo eziphathwayo, iinqwelomoya ezilawulwa ngunomathotholo kwaye, ngoku, ii-EVs. Ibhetri ye-lithium-ion eqhelekileyo inokugcina i-150 watt-iiyure zombane kwibhetri enobunzima obumalunga nekhilogram enye.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo iteknoloji yebhetri ye-lithium-ion iqhutywe yimfuno ye-electronics ephathekayo, iikhomputha eziphathwayo, iifowuni eziphathwayo, izixhobo zombane kunye nokunye. Ishishini le-EV livune izibonelelo zolu phuhliso kokubini ekusebenzeni nasekuxinaniseni kwamandla. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iikhemistri zebhetri, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zinokukhutshwa kwaye zihlaziywe imihla ngemihla kwaye nakweliphi na inqanaba lentlawulo.
Kukho itekhnoloji exhasa ukudalwa kwezinye iintlobo zobunzima obulula, obuthembekileyo, ibhetri esebenzayo - kwaye uphando luyaqhubeka nokunciphisa inani leebhetri ezifunekayo kwii-EV zanamhlanje. Iibhetri ezigcina amandla kunye namandla iinjini zombane ziye zavela kwiteknoloji yazo kwaye zitshintsha phantse yonke imihla.
Inkqubo yokutsala
Ii-EV zineenjini zombane, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-traction okanye inkqubo yokuqhubela phambili - kwaye zineentsimbi zentsimbi kunye neplastiki ezingaze zifune ukuthambisa. Inkqubo iguqula amandla ombane ukusuka kwibhetri kwaye idlulisele kuloliwe wokuqhuba.
Ii-EVs zinokuyilwa ngamavili amabini okanye onke amavili, kusetyenziswa iimotor zombane ezimbini okanye ezine ngokulandelelanayo. Zombini ii-motor ezithe ngqo (DC) kunye ne-alternating current (AC) zisetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo zokutsaleka okanye zokuqhubela phambili kwii-EVs. Iinjini ze-AC okwangoku zithandwa kakhulu, kuba azisebenzisi iibrashi kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa okuncinci.
Umlawuli we-EV
Iinjini ze-EV zikwabandakanya isilawuli se-elektroniki esiphucukileyo. Lo mlawuli ugcina iphakheji ye-elektroniki esebenza phakathi kweebhetri kunye nemoto yombane ukulawula isantya sesithuthi kunye nokukhawuleza, njengokuba i-carburetor isenza kwisithuthi esinepetroli. Ezi nkqubo zekhompyutha ezisebhodini aziqalisi nje kuphela inqwelo-mafutha, kodwa zikwasebenza neengcango, iifestile, i-air conditioning, inkqubo yokuhlola uxinzelelo lwamavili, inkqubo yokuzonwabisa, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iimoto.
Iziqhoboshi ze-EV
Naluphi na uhlobo lwebhuleki lunokusetyenziswa kwii-EVs, kodwa iinkqubo zokuvuselela iziqhoboshi zikhethwa kwiimoto zombane. Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-regenerative yinkqubo apho i-motor isetyenziswa njengejenereyitha ukutshaja kwakhona iibhetri xa isithuthi sicotha. Ezi nkqubo zokuqhobosha ziphinda zibambe amanye amandla alahlekileyo ngexesha lokuqhobosha kwaye itshaneli iwabuyisele kwisixokelelwano sebhetri.
Ngexesha lokuvuselela i-braking, amanye amandla e-kinetic ngokuqhelekileyo athatyathwa ngamabhuleki kwaye ajike abe ngubushushu aguqulwa abe ngumbane ngumlawuli - kwaye asetyenziselwa ukutshaja kwakhona iibhetri. I-regenerative braking ayinyusi nje kuphela uluhlu lwesithuthi sombane nge-5 ukuya kwi-10%, kodwa ikwangqineke kwehlisa ukuguga kweebrake kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuyigcina.
Iitshaja ze-EV
Zimbini iindidi zeetshaja ezifunekayo. Itshaja yobungakanani obugcweleyo bokufakelwa kwigaraji iyafuneka ukutshaja ii-EVs ngobusuku obunye, kunye netshaja ephathwayo. Iitshaja eziphathwayo zikhawuleza zibe zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezivela kubavelisi abaninzi. Ezi tshaja zigcinwa kwi-trunk ukuze iibhetri ze-EVs zibe nokutshajwa ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lohambo olude okanye kwimeko kaxakeka njengokucima kombane. Kwinqaku elizayo siza kuchaza ngakumbi iintlobo zeIzikhululo zokutshaja ze-EVnjengeNqanaba loku-1, iNqanaba lesi-2 kunye ne-Wireless.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-20-2024